Modelo de co-construcción intergeneracional de cápsulas comunicacionales en base a comidas tradicionales

Introducción: La valoración de las comidas tradicionales resulta esencial para mantener el patrimonio gastronómico, sin embargo, su divulgación es limitada, por lo que se requiere de estrategias comunicacionales que promuevan la difusión de las culturas inmateriales. Objetivo: Elaborar un modelo de co-construcción de cápsulas comunicacionales intergeneracionales para difundir preparaciones culinarias significativas de personas mayores. Material y métodos: El estudio se enmarca en la investigación aplicada del tipo tecnológico. Se realizó una búsqueda teórica de aspectos relevantes en el uso de cápsulas comunicacionales (videos), así como el uso de TICs en personas mayores, siguiendo los lineamentos del diseño cualitativo a través de un análisis de contenido temático. Luego se construye un modelo, que es validado por profesionales del área gerontológica, para ser aplicado en un proyecto piloto que incluyó a una diada constituida por una persona mayor y un descendiente, los que guiaron y grabaron una entrevista en profundidad focalizada. Resultados: Se co-construyeron 6 videos con preparaciones culinarias tradicionales en el que participaron 5 mujeres y 1 hombre, de las Regiones del Biobío y Metropolitana. Se siguió modelo teórico que incorporó 7 pasos para su elaboración: identificación de diada intergeneracional, capacitación, realización del video, primera edición del video, presentación del video a la diada, edición final y difusión del video en redes sociales. Conclusiones: Como estrategia para un envejecimiento saludable, la realización de un video intergeneracional con una receta preferida se visualiza como una oportunidad para entrelazar cultura, patrimonio y emociones entre los participantes y la comunidad.

Introduction: The appreciation of traditional foods is essential in the maintenance of gastronomic heritage; however, its dissemination is limited, which is why communication strategies are required to promote the dissemination of intangible cultures. Objective: To develop a model for the co-construction of intergenerational communication capsules that allow the dissemination of significant culinary preparations for the elderly. Material and methods: The study is part of an applied technological research. In order to consolidate knowledge and use it for educational purposes, a theoretical search of relevant aspects in the use of communication capsules (videos) was carried out, following the guidelines of qualitative design through thematic content analysis. Then, a model is constructed and validated by professionals from the gerontological area to be applied to a pilot project that included a dyad made up of an elderly person and a descendant, who guided and recorded an in-depth focused interview. Results: A total of 6 videos about traditional culinary preparations made by 5 women and 1 man from the Biobío and Metropolitana Regions were co-constructed. A theoretical model that incorporated 7 steps for its elaboration was followed: identification of intergenerational dyad, training, making of the video, first edition of the video, presentation of the video to the dyad, final edition, and dissemination of the video on social networks. Conclusions: As a strategy for healthy aging, making an intergenerational video with a favorite recipe is seen as an opportunity to intertwine culture, heritage and emotions between participants and the community.

Preparaciones culinarias ¿cómo determinar cuándo forman parte de una dieta sustentable?

La adopción de formas de consumo y producción sostenibles de alimentos es una necesidad imperiosa, debido a las consecuencias adversas que los sistemas alimentarios actuales tienen para la salud y el planeta. A pesar de que estudios muestran que las personas valoran un menor efecto de la dieta en el ambiente, desconocen cómo evaluar su impacto en este sentido. Esta revisión cualitativa buscó la existencia de indicadores o herramientas que permitan evaluar la sustentabilidad de preparaciones culinarias como parte de una dieta sostenible. Se incluyen definiciones, abordajes y formas de medir y evaluar tanto la dieta como la gastronomía sustentable a nivel mundial y nacional. La búsqueda de artículos científicos se realizó en las bases de datos Medline/PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science y SciELO utilizando como palabras claves "dietas sustentables", "dietas sostenibles", "ecogastronomía", "sustainability assessment", "out of home meals", "sustainable gastronomy", "sustainable diet", "sustainable healthy diets", "sustainability indicators", "sustainable indicators", "sustainability index", "sustainable diets index", "dietas sustentáveis". Toda dieta tiene un impacto en el medio ambiente, sin embargo, factores como su composición y formas de producción determinan la magnitud de dicho impacto. Un tema central gira en torno a las metodologías para medir, analizar y evaluar los diferentes aspectos que componen la sostenibilidad de las dietas, existiendo escasa evidencia respecto de herramientas que permitan calificar las preparaciones culinarias según su nivel de sustentabilidad. Por esto, se requiere mayor investigación en la materia con el propósito de contribuir en la adopción de dietas saludables y sostenibles por parte de la población.

The adoption of sustainable forms of consumption and production is an imminent need due to the adverse consequences that current food systems have on health and the planet. Although studies show that people value a lesser effect of diet on the environment, they do not know how to evaluate its impact in this sense. This qualitative literature review investigated the existence of indicators or tools to assess the sustainability of culinary preparations as part of a sustainable diet. Definitions, approaches, and ways of measuring and evaluating sustainable diets and sustainable gastronomy at the global and national levels were included. The search for scientific articles was carried out in the Medline/PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and SciELO databases using as keywords "sustainable diets", "sustainable diets", "ecogastronomy", "sustainability assessment", "out of home meals", "sustainable gastronomy", "sustainable diet", "sustainable healthy diets", "sustainability indicators", "sustainable indicators", "sustainability index", "sustainable diets index", "dietas sustentáveis". Every diet has an impact on the environment, however, factors such as its composition and forms of production determine the magnitude of this impact. A central issue revolves around the methodologies to measure, analyze and evaluate the different aspects that make up the sustainability of diets, and there is little evidence regarding tools to qualify culinary preparations according to their level of sustainability. Therefore, further research is required in this area in order to contribute to the adoption of healthy and sustainable diets by the population.

Asociación entre velocidad de marcha y deterioro cognitivo en personas mayores: resultados de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud 2016-2017

Antecedentes: La velocidad de la marcha podría considerarse un marcador temprano de riesgo de deterioro cognitivo en personas mayores. Objetivo: Determinar la asociación entre velocidad de la marcha y sospecha de deterioro cognitivo en población mayor chilena. Métodos: Se incluyeron 1788 personas mayores de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud (ENS) 2016-2017 que tenían información sobre velocidad de marcha y sospecha de deterioro cognitivo. La velocidad de la marcha fue autorreportada y categorizada como marca lenta, normal y rápida. Sospecha de deterioro cognitivo fue evaluado a través del cuestionario Mini Mental abreviado. La asociación entre marcha y deterioro cognitivo fue investigada mediante análisis de regresión logística. Resultados: En comparación a las personas mayores que reportaron una velocidad de marcha rápida, aquellas que reportaron una marcha lenta presentaron 2,67 veces mayor probabilidad de tener deterioro cognitivo (OR: 2,67 [95% IC:1,62; 4,42], p<0,001). Al ajustar los modelos por variables de confusión sociodemográficas, estilos de vida y salud, la asociación disminuyó, pero, permaneció significativa (OR: 1,78 [95% IC:1,15; 3,17], p=0,047). Mientras que las personas mayores que reportaron tener una velocidad de marcha normal no presentaron asociación con deterioro cognitivo. Conclusión: Personas mayores que reportan una velocidad de marcha lenta presentaron una mayor probabilidad de sospecha de deterioro cognitivo. Considerando que el deterioro cognitivo es un síndrome geriátrico con alta prevalencia en población mayor, existe la necesidad de enfatizar en estrategias para un diagnóstico temprano, por lo cual la velocidad de marcha podría ser un instrumento útil.

Background: Walking pace could be considered an early risk marker of cognitive impairment in older people. Objective: To determine the association between walking pace and cognitive impairment in older Chilean adults. Methods: 1,788 adults older than 60 years from the 2016-2017 Chilean National Health Survey with data available in the exposure and outcome were included in this cross-sectional study. Walking pace was self-reported and categorised as slow, average and brisk. Cognitive impairment was assessed using the Abbreviated Mini-Mental questionnaire. Logistic regression analyses were performed to investigate the association between walking pace and cognitive impairment, logistic regression analyses - adjusted for sociodemographic, lifestyle and health-related covariates. Results: In the minimally adjusted model and compared to older adults who self-reported a brisk walking pace, those in the slow walking pace category were 2.67 times more likely to have cognitive impairment (OR: 2.67 [95% CI: 1.62, 4.42]). When the analyses were adjusted, the association was attenuated but remained significant (OR: 1.78 [95% CI: 1.15 3.17]). No associations were found between average pace walkers and cognitive impairment. Conclusion: Older adults who self-reported a slow walking pace having a higher likelihood of cognitive impairment than their counterparts who had a brisk walking pace. Considering that cognitive impairment is a geriatric syndrome with a high prevalence in the elderly, there is a need to emphasise strategies for an early diagnosis. Therefore, walking pace may be a useful marker to identify individuals at high risk of cognitive impairment.

Asociación entre nivel educacional y sospecha de deterioro cognitivo en personas mayores chilenas: resultados de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud 2016-2017 / Association between educational level and suspicion of cognitive imparirment in Chilean older people

BACKGROUND: A low education level has been associated with cognitive impairment in older adults. AIM: To determine the association between educational attainment and suspicion of cognitive imparirment in older Chilean population. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Data from 2,005 adults aged ≥ 60 years assessed during 2016-2017 Chilean National Health Survey were included. Education was self-reported and categorized as primary: ≤ 8 years; secondary: 9 to 12 years and beyond secondary: > 12 years. suspicion of cognitive imparirment was assessed with the Mini-Mental questionnaire. RESULTS: Men and women with low education attainment had a higher prevalence of cognitive impairment (33% [95% confidence intervals (CI): 24; 41] and 27% [95% CI: 21; 33], respectively). Men who reported less schooling (≤ 8 years) were more likely to be at risk of suspicion of cognitive imparirment (Odds ratio (OR): 4.53 [95% CI: 1.10, 18.62]) compared to their peers. Women showed a substantially higher magnitude of association than men. The probability of suspicion of cognitive imparirment increased 9-times (OR: 9.96 [95% CI: 1.24; 79.6]) for 9-12 years and 18-times for ≤ 8 years of education (OR: 18.8 [95% CI: 2.42; 146.1]) compared to women with higher education. CONCLUSIONS: Older adults with low education attainment had an increased likelihood of developing suspicion of cognitive imparirment. However, the risk differs by sex, being higher in women than men.

Ambientes alimentarios y su rol en la seguridad alimentaria y la malnutrición por exceso

El incremento de la malnutrición por exceso fundamenta la necesidad de revalorar el rol de los ambientes alimentarios en el bienestar y la seguridad alimentaria de la población. La presente revisión bibliográfica tiene como objetivo realizar una búsqueda descriptiva de los ambientes alimentarios y de cómo estos condicionan los estados de malnutrición por exceso y la seguridad alimentaria de la población. A través de una indagación narrativa en motores de búsqueda y bases de datos (Medline, Scielo, Scopus, Biblioteca Virtual de Salud, Medes y Google Académico), se identificaron artículos originales o revisiones en castellano e inglés publicadas entre los años 2017 al 2021 que respondieron a los propósitos del estudio. Se incluyeron 56 artículos, los cuales permitieron profundizar en las cinco categorías teóricas: ambiente alimentario institucional y organizacional, de restauración, vía pública, abastecimiento y domiciliario; así como en el modo en que estos entornos potencian la malnutrición por exceso y tensionan la seguridad alimentaria de la población. Los distintos ambientes o entornos alimentarios direccionan los estilos de vida y el bienestar de las personas y comunidades, además de influir en la etiología y mantención de la malnutrición por exceso y la seguridad alimentaria de la población.

The increase in malnutrition due to excess supports the need to reassess the role of food environments in the well-being and food security of the population. The objective of this bibliographic review is to carry out a descriptive search of food environments and how these condition states of malnutrition due to excess and the food security of the population. Through a narrative investigation in search engines and databases (Medline, Scielo, Scopus, Virtual Health Library, Medes and Google Scholar), original articles or reviews in Spanish and English published between 2017 and 2021 were identified, served the purposes of the study. 56 articles were included, which allowed to study in more detail the five theoretical categories: institutional and organizational food environment, restoration, public thoroughfare, supply and home; as well as in the way in which these environments enhance malnutrition due to excess and put pressure on the food security of the population. The different environments or food environments direct the lifestyles and well-being of people and communities, in addition to influencing the etiology and maintenance of malnutrition due to excess and the food security of the population.

Preferencias alimentarias en tiempos de pandemia: El caso de personas mayores chilenas / Food preferences in times of pandemic. The case of chilean older people

Resumen: Objetivo: El aislamiento social originado por el COVID-19 ha potenciado modificaciones en los estilos de vida, afectando el bienestar de las personas mayores. Es por esto que el objetivo del estudio es el interpretar las influencias de factores emocionales y socioeconómicos en las preferencias alimentarias de personas mayores en Gran Concepción, Chile, en tiempos de pandemia. Materiales y Métodos: Para el logro de los propósitos, se realizó una investigación que responde al paradigma cualitativo con enfoque fenomenológico interpretativo de Heidegger. Los participantes existieron seleccionados mediante un muestreo intencional en base a los criterios de selección y considerando como tamaño muestras el resultante del punto de saturación. El estudio incluyó a un total de 12 personas mayores, las que fueron entrevistadas de manera virtual; los datos resultantes, se codificaron, reagruparon y analizaron mediante técnica de análisis de contenido. Resultados: Los platillos preferidos responden a los propios de la cultura local; por otra parte, aspectos emocionales y económicos no son reconocidos en la selección de alimentos y preferencias alimentarias. La comunicación lograda por el uso de redes sociales con sus familias es identificada como positiva y no influye en sus conductas alimentarias. Conclusiones: Para este grupo de personas mayores, la vivencia de aislamiento social por COVID-19, no fue suficiente para modificar las preferencias alimentarias.

Abstract: Objective: The social isolation caused by COVID-19 has promoted changes in lifestyles, affecting the well-being of the elderly. Therefore, the objective of the study is to interpret the influence of emotional and socioeconomic factors in food preferences of older people of the Gran Concepcion, Chile, in times of pandemic. Materials and methods: For the achievement of its purposes, an investigation was carried out that responds to the qualitative paradigm with the interpretive phenomenological approach of Heidegger. Participants were selected by intentional sampling based on the selection criteria and considering the sample size resulting from the saturation point. The study included a total of 12 elderly, who were interviewed virtually; the resulting data was coded, regrouped and analyzed using a content analysis technique. Results: The favorite dishes respond to those of the local culture; on the other hand, emotional and economic aspects are not recognized in the selection of food and food preferences. The communication achieved using social networks with their families is identified as positive and does not influence their eating behaviors. Conclusions: For this group of older people, the experience of social isolation due to COVID-19 was not enough to modify food preferences.

Relación entre fuerza de prensión manual, función física y riesgo de caídas en personas mayores / Relationship between handgrip strength, physical function, and risk of falls in older people

RESUMEN Introducción: La fuerza de prensión manual permite evaluar debilidad muscular en personas mayores y presenta correlación con la fuerza general y masa muscular, por lo que podría ayudar en la detección precoz del deterioro de la función física y riesgo de caídas. Objetivo: Relacionar la fuerza de prensión manual con la función física y riesgo de caídas en personas mayores. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo, correlacional. Evaluó 87 personas mayores (24 hombres y 63 mujeres) entre 65 y 75 años, de 4 organizaciones sociales de Talca, Chile, seleccionados por un muestreo no probabilístico por conveniencia. Para medir la fuerza de prensión manual se utilizó́ un dinamómetro de mano, para valorar la función física se usó la prueba Short Physical Performance Battery; con las pruebas de estación unipodal y time up and go se evaluó riesgo de caídas. Resultados: Se observaron relaciones significativas moderadas entre la fuerza de prensión manual y el test Short Physical Performance Battery (p= 0,001; r= 0,473) y con todas las pruebas que componen esta batería. Se evidenció una relación entre la fuerza de prensión y la prueba de estación unipodal (p= 0,001; r= 0,472), mientras que la relación con la prueba time up and go fue inversa débil (p= 0,002; r= -0,398). Conclusión: Existe relación entre la fuerza de prensión manual con la función física y el riesgo de caídas personas mayores. Este hallazgo sugiere que la fuerza de prensión manual podría usarse en la práctica clínica como instrumento de detección precoz de la pérdida de la función física y riesgo de caídas.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Handgrip strength is a way to evaluate muscle weakness in older people and it has been seen to show a high correlation with general strength and body muscle mass, which is why it could help in the early detection of deterioration in physical function. loss of lower limb strength and risk of falls. Objective: To relate handgrip strength with physical function and risk of falls in older people. Methods: Descriptive, correlational study. It evaluated 87 older people (24 men and 63 women) between 65 and 75 years old, from 4 social organizations in the city of Talca, Chile, selected through a non-probabilistic convenience sampling. To measure the handgrip strength, a hand dynamometer was used, to assess physical function the Short Physical Performance Battery test was used, and the unipodal station and time up and go tests were used to evaluate balance static and dynamic respectively. Results: Moderately significant relationships were observed between the handgrip strength in the Short Physical Performance Battery test (p = 0.001; r = 0.473) and with all the tests that make up this battery. A moderate one was also evidenced between the grip strength and the unipodal station test (p = 0.001; r= 0.472), while the relationship with the time up and go test was weak inverse (p = 0.002; r = -0.398). Conclusion: There is a relationship between handgrip strength with physical function and the risk of falls in older people. This finding is important because it suggests that handgrip strength could be used in clinical practice as an indirect indicator or as an early detection tool for loss of general strength capacity, physical fitness, and risk of falls.

Guías alimentarias en adolescentes: Piloto sobre uso de aplicación web para estilos de vida saludables

RESUMEN La infancia y adolescencia son etapas claves en la adquisición de estilos de vida saludables, por lo que acciones o intervenciones en educación en alimentación y estilos de vida saludables son esenciales para el logro de una mejor calidad de vida. Es por esto, que el objetivo de este trabajo fue desarrollar una herramienta web interactiva para que adolescentes apliquen los conceptos entregados por las Guías Alimentarias Basadas en Alimentos (GABA) a través de la superación de distintos desafíos y potenciando de esta manera decisiones que promuevan estilos de vida saludables. Como parte de la metodología, se realizó un diagnóstico en el que participaron 37 adolescentes, los que reconocieron aspectos relevantes del diseño para la App. Una vez desarrollada, se probó en 10 adolescentes, los que respondieron a cuestionario en donde se recolectó su opinión sobre las fortalezas y aspectos a mejorar de la aplicación. Como resultado de la aplicación del piloto, los adolescentes lograron identificar la importancia de mantener una alimentación y rutina de ejercicios saludables y personalizados. Como conclusión, el uso de la App podría fomentar el autocuidado en adolescentes mediante una estrategia lúdica y adaptada a una forma común de comunicación en esta etapa de la trayectoria vital.

ABSTRACT Childhood and adolescence are key stages for the acquisition of healthy lifestyles, thus actions or interventions on nutrition and healthy lifestyle education are essential to achieve a better quality of life. We developed an interactive web tool for adolescents to apply the concepts delivered by the Food-Based Dietary Guidelines (FBDG) through overcoming different challenges, thus empowering decisions that promote healthy lifestyles. As part of the methodology, a pilot study was conducted with 30 adolescent participants, who recognized relevant aspects of the design for the application (App). Once developed, the App was tested in 10 adolescents, who answered a questionnaire on strengths and aspects to improve. Adolescents were able to identify the importance of maintaining a healthy and personalized diet and exercise routine. In conclusion, the use of the App could promote self-care in adolescents through a playful strategy adapted to a common form of communication at this life trajectory stage.

Cumplimiento de las Guías Alimentarias en personas mayores chilenas: Un estudio descriptivo de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud 2016-2017

RESUMEN Chile es uno de los países de Latinoamérica que exhibe un mayor envejecimiento poblacional, por lo que es necesario visualizar distintas herramientas que direccionen estilos de vida saludables en esta etapa de la trayectoria vital. Las Guías Alimentarias Basadas en Alimentos (GABA) entregan recomendaciones que permiten mejorar la calidad de vida de personas mayores. Por lo anterior, el objetivo del estudio fue determinar el nivel de cumplimiento de recomendaciones de las GABA y su asociación con variables antropométricas, metabólicas y de estilos de vida en 1.789 personas mayores de 60 años que participaron en la Encuesta Nacional de Salud 2016-2017. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal, en donde los participantes se subdividieron en cuatro grupos según cumplimiento de las GABA: no cumple, cumple con 1, 2 o a lo menos 3 recomendaciones de consumo de legumbres, frutas y verduras, lácteos, agua y pescado. Como resultado, el 43,8% de las personas mayores que participaron no cumplieron ninguna de las recomendaciones GABA evaluadas; estos últimos, realizaban menos actividad física y presentaban, además, una mayor probabilidad de pasar más tiempo sentados (p-tendencia: <0,001). Como conclusión, se destaca que cerca del 50% de las personas mayores en Chile no adhieren a las recomendaciones de las GABA, lo que podría repercutir en implicaciones en la salud y bienestar de la población mayor.

ABSTRACT Chile is one of the Latin American countries that exhibits the greatest increase in the aging population, thus it is necessary to visualize different tools that guide healthy lifestyles at this stage of life. Food-Based Dietary Guidelines (abbreviated as GABA, for initials in Spanish) provide recommendations that allow improving the quality of life in older people. This study aimed to determine the level of compliance with GABA recommendations and their association with anthropometric, metabolic and lifestyles factors in 1,789 people over 60 years who participated in the 2016-2017 National Health Survey. A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out, in which participants were subdivided into four groups according to compliance with GABA: does not comply, complies with 1, 2 or at least 3 recommendations for consumption of legumes, fruits, vegetables, dairy, water and fish. As a result, 43.8% of older participants did not meet any of the GABA recommendations evaluated. These participants also performed less physical activity and had a longer sitting time (P-trend: <0.001). In conclusion, we highlight that close to 50% of elderly Chileans do not adhere to GABA recommendations, which could have implications for the health and well-being.

Adaptación y validación chilena de la escala de adaptación de la persona mayor a su residencia / Adaptation and validation of aged adults' adaptation scale to their residence (EAPAR) in Chile

BACKGROUND: The adaptation of older people to nursing homes may be problematic. Scales to assess the degree of adaptation are required. AIM: To adapt and evaluate the psychometric characteristics of the Scale of Adaptation of the Older Adults to their Residence (EAPAR) in the Chilean population. MATERIAL AND METHODS: EAPAR and self-esteem scales were applied to 106 people aged 79 ± 7 years (57% women) living in nursing homes. Reliability was measured using Cronbach's alpha. RESULTS: The instrument was adequately understood by the Chilean participants. In the content validity, the structure of the scale appears homogeneous and with an acceptable statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS: EAPAR is a reliable and valid instrument to be used by health professionals.

Lactancia materna y su asociación con obesidad: Mecanismos que podrían explicar el rol protector en la infancia

RESUMEN Introducción: La lactancia materna (LM) es un factor protector contra la obesidad infantil; sin embargo, los mecanismos a través de los cuales ejerce este efecto aún no están claros. El objetivo fue describir los mecanismos asociados al efecto protector que ejerce la lactancia materna contra la obesidad infantil. Métodos: Se utilizaron los buscadores PUBMED, SCOPUS, Cochrane Library y Scielo para desarrollar una revisión descriptiva de la evidencia científica. Las palabras clave fueron: lactancia materna, obesidad, mecanismo y dieta. Se revisaron artículos en español e inglés, desde 1977 hasta el 2020. Resultados: El efecto protector de la LM contra la obesidad infantil está dado por una combinación de varios mecanismos, se destaca su composición nutricional y el aporte de sustancias bioactivas, algunas de ellas reguladoras de la ingesta energética. Los lactantes que reciben LM por más tiempo seleccionan alimentos más saludables en etapa preescolar, independiente de factores sociodemográficos. También han sido descritos efectos en la adiposidad, el control del peso corporal y la ingesta energética mediante regulación de la programación epigenética y de la microbiota intestinal. Conclusión: La LM es un proceso único, que interacciona de forma compleja con factores del crecimiento y desarrollo de los lactantes y preescolares. Su rol protector contra la obesidad ha sido asociado a diversos mecanismos. Sin embargo, se requiere de nuevas investigaciones para comprender los alcances que puede presentar la LM en la etapa pediátrica y su rol en la prevención de la obesidad.

ABSTRACT Background and aim: Breastfeeding (BF) is a protective factor against childhood obesity; however, the mechanisms associated with this effect have not yet been elucidated. This study aimed to describe the mechanisms related to the protective effect of breastfeeding against childhood obesity. Methods: A search on PUBMED, SCOPUS, Cochrane Library and SCIELO databases was carried out to develop a descriptive review of the scientific evidence. The key words were breastfeeding; obesity; mechanism and diet. Articles were reviewed in Spanish and English from 1977 to 2020. Results: The protective effect of BF against childhood obesity is given by a combination of several mechanism. Its nutritional composition and the contribution of bioactive substances stand out, some of them regulated by the energy intake. Infants who are breastfed choose healthier foods in preschool, regardless of sociodemographic factors. Effects on adiposity, control of body weight and energy intake have also been described by epigenetic regulation programming and the intestinal microbiota. Conclusion: BF is a unique process that interacts in a complex way with infants and preschoolers' growth and developmental factors Its protective role against childhood obesity has been associated with various mechanisms. New research is still required to understand the implications of BF in pediatric age and its role in preventing obesity.

Factores asociados a depresión en población chilena. Resultados Encuesta Nacional de Salud 2016-2017

Background: Depression is a highly prevalent disease in Chilean adults. Aim: To identify sociodemographic, biomedical, and psychosocial factors related with depression in a representative sample of the Chilean adult population. Material and Methods: Analysis of data from the National Health Survey 2016-2017 which included 5,291 participants aged > 15 years. Depression was assessed using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI-SF). Association between sociodemographic data, health and psychosocial variables and depression was analyzed using Poisson regression with robust error. Results: The probability of depression was higher in women than in men (prevalence ratio (PR) = 2.13 [95% confidence intervals (CI): 1.65, 2.75]). In both genders, the probability was higher in people with frailty (women: PR = 10.0 [95% CI: 1.86, 18.1] and men: PR = 3.38 [95% CI: 2.72; 4.20]), severe chronic pain (women: PR = 2.84 [95% CI: 1.93, 4.18 and men: PR = 6.41 [95% CI: 3.59, 9.40]), presence of two or more diseases (women: PR = 4.15 [95% CI: 2.78, 6.20 and men: PR = 2.60 [95% CI: 1.39, 3.81]), perception of permanent stress (women: PR = 11.0 [95% CI: 6.13, 16.0], men: PR = 21.0 [95% CI: 10.2, 31.7]), financial stress (women: PR = 2.57 [95% CI: 1.87, 3.27] men: PR = 4.27 [95% CI: 2.48, 6.06] and poor or very poor perception of health (women: PR = 5.02 [95% CI: 1.92, 8.12], men: 2.09 [95% CI: 0.49, 3.69]). In men, the probability of depression was higher for widowers than married man (PR = 5.58 [95% CI: 2.5, 8.25]), presence of goiter (PR = 4.03 [95% CI: 1.99, 6.07]) and low social support (PR = 1.95 [95% CI: 1.18; 2.72]). Conclusions: The factors associated with a higher probability of depression are diverse in nature. Among these being women, frailty, chronic pain, multimorbidity and high perception of stress are important factors.

Nivel de actividad física en personas mayores chilenas que han sufrido caídas

RESUMEN Antecedentes: Las caídas limitan las actividades de la vida diaria. Actualmente se desconoce cómo los niveles de actividad física (AF) varían luego de sufrir una caída. Objetivo: investigar los niveles de práctica de actividad física de personas mayores que han reportado caídas en los últimos 12 meses. Métodos: Se incluyeron 1.254 participantes ≥ 60 años de Encuesta Nacional de Salud (ENS) 2009-2010. La prevalencia de caídas en los últimos 12 meses se determinó mediante auto reporte. Los niveles de AF y el tiempo sedente se determinaron a través del cuestionario Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ). La asociación entre caídas y AF fue investigada mediante regresión lineal. Resultados: El 70,5% [95% IC: 68,0; 72,8] de las personas mayores no reportaron caídas, mientras que un 19,4% [95% IC: 17,4; 21,5] reportó haber sufrido entre 1-2 caídas y un 10% [95% IC: 8,4; 11,8] ≥3 caídas en los últimos 12 meses. En comparación al grupo que reportó no sufrir caídas, aquellos que sufrieron ≥3 caídas realizaban 79,2 minutos menos de AF total/día. Resultados similares fueron observados para AF de transporte y AF moderada. No se encontraron diferencias para tiempo sedente o AF vigorosa. Conclusión: Personas mayores que sufrieron caídas en los últimos 12 meses reportaron realizar menos actividad física que sus contrapartes que no experimentaron caídas. A mediano y largo plazo, estos cambios en la actividad física podrían contribuir a resultados de salud adversos en una población.

ABSTRACT Background: Falls among older adults are associated with important changes in lifestyle. However, there is no evidence about the physical activity levels of older adults who have experienced falls. The aim of this study, therefore, was to describe physical activity levels in older adults who have experienced falls in the last 12 months. Methods: 1,254 older adults (aged ≥60 years) from the National Health Survey 2009-2010 were included in this study. Number of falls during the last 12 months was self-reported and physical activity was measured using the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ). The association between falls and physical activity was investigated using regression analyses. Results: 70.5% [95% CI: 68.0; 72.8] of the older adults included in this study did not report any falls during the last 12 months. However, 19.4% [95% CI: 17.4; 21.5] reported 1-2 falls and 10% [95% CI: 8.4; 11.8] reported ≥3 falls in the last 12 months. In comparison to those who reported no falls, those who experienced ≥3 falls in the last 12 months did 79.2 fewer minutes/day of physical activity. Similar results were found for moderate and transport-related physical activity, but no associations were found for vigorous or sedentary behaviours. Conclusion: Older adults who suffered falls in the last 12 months reported doing less physical activity than their counterparts who did not experience any falls. In the middle and long term, these changes in physical activity could contribute to adverse health outcomes in an already frail population.

Asociación entre adiposidad y diabetes mellitus tipo 2 según nivel educacional en población chilena: resultados de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud 2016-2017 / Association of adiposity and diabetes mellitus type 2 by education level in the Chilean population

Background: Adiposity and education are two independent risk factors for type 2 diabetes (T2D). However, there is limited evidence whether both education and adiposity are associated with T2D in an additive manner in the Chilean population. Aim: To investigate the joint association between adiposity and education with T2D in the Chilean adult population. Material and Methods: Analysis of data of the Chilean National Health Survey 2016-2017, which included 5,033 participants with a mean age of 43 years, (51% women). Poisson regression analyses with robust standard error were used to investigate the joint association of the education level and general and central adiposity with T2D. The results were reported as Prevalence Ratio and their 95% confidence intervals (PR, 95% CI). Results: Obesity was associated with a higher probability of having T2D in men than in women, however central adiposity was associated with a higher probability of having T2D in women than in men. Compared with men who had higher education (> 12 years) and had normal body weight, those with the same educational level and who were obese had 2.3-times higher probability of having T2D (PR: 2.35 [95% CI: 1.02; 5.39]). For women, having a low education and being obese was associated with 4.4-times higher probability of having T2D compared to those with higher education and normal body mass index (BMI) (PR: 4.47 [95% IC: 2.12; 9.24]). Similar results were observed when waist circumference was used as a marker of obesity rather than BMI. Conclusions: Women and men with higher BMI and low education had a higher risk of T2D. However, this risk was higher in women than in men.

Suplementos ergogénicos: la evidencia más allá de una moda / Ergogenic supplements: evidence beyond trends

A pesar de que son muchos los suplementos deportivos que se etiquetan como ergogénicos, pocos son los que realmente demuestran su efectividad. Si bien estos suplementos están destinados principalmente para deportistas de élite, su uso se ha masificado en la po-blación general, esto debido a la falta de regulación en uso y venta, así como por los potenciales beneficios que podrían otorgar. Frente a estas limitantes ¿cuál es la efectividad de estos productos más allá de la moda? En esta comunicación breve se revisa la evidencia respecto al efecto y la efectividad de 11 suplementos y plantas utilizados como ayuda ergogénica. A pesar de los múltiples beneficios en los suplementos ergogénicos identificados, es necesario tener precaución al momento de generalizar los resultados obtenidos por algunos ergogénicos, ya que su efecto podría ser secundario y/o estar condicionado por otros factores. Es necesario mayores estudios clínicos que permitan asociar una relación causa-efecto en el rendimiento deportivo y la población general.

Although many sports supplements have been identified as ergogenic, few have demonstrated their effectiveness. They were originally created for high-performance athletes, but their consumption has incremented in the general population. Lack of regulation to sell and use these products is one of the main problems in our society. In this context, what is the effectiveness of ergogenic supplements beyond the trends? In this short communication, 11 ergogenic supplements and plants will be discussed regarding their effect and efficacy. However, considering that their effect could be a side effect of other factors, findings should be analyzed with caution. Further clinical trials are needed to estimate the causal effect in sports performance and the general population.

Hábitos alimentarios en estudiantes universitarios de la Región de Bío-Bío, Chile, 2017 / Eating habits in university students of the Bío-Bío Region, Chile, 2017

Resumen Antecedentes: las conductas poco saludables, como baja actividad física, ayuno prolongado, con sumo de alimentos de alta densidad energética y baja ingesta de frutas y verduras repercuten en la salud. Objetivo: conocer los hábitos alimentarios de estudiantes del Campus San Andrés de la Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Región del Bío-Bío, Chile. Materiales y métodos: se aplicó la encuesta dicotómica "¿Es tu alimentación saludable?" en 350 estudiantes. Resulta dos: el 75 % de los encuestados tenía una alimentación no saludable o poco saludable, con mayor prevalencia en el rango etario entre 17-20 años (78 %). Se destaca el bajo consumo de frutas (<20 %), verduras (42 %) y agua (46 %), junto con una baja prevalencia de conductas saludables/responsables, como evitar alimentos azucarados (36 %) o embutidos (38 %) y revisar los etiquetados nutriciona les (37 %). Los hombres presentaron mayor consumo de pan, carnes blancas y agua (p<0,05), mientras que las mujeres declararon en mayor porcentaje evitar embutidos, revisar los etique tados nutricionales (p<0,01), preferir alimentos azucarados y comer de forma adecuada (p<0,05). Conclusiones: los estudiantes universitarios encuestados presentan hábitos alimentarios poco salu dables, asociados principalmente a bajo consumo de frutas y verduras.

Abstract Background: Unhealthy behaviors such as low physical activity, prolonged fasting, consumption of energy-dense foods and low consumption of fruits and vegetables have repercussions on health. Objective: To understand the dietary habits of students from the San Andres campus of the Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, in the Bío-Bío region of Chile. Materials and Methods: The dichotomous survey, "Is your diet healthy?" was applied to 350 students. Results: The survey revealed that 75% of the students had an unhealthy diet, with a greater prevalence in those between 17-20 years of age (78%). It also demonstrated a low consumption of fruits (<20%), vegetables (42%) and water (46%), together with a low prevalence of healthy/responsible behaviors like avoiding sugary foods (36%), avoiding processed meats (38%), and reading nutrition labels (37%). Men reported a greater consumption of bread, white meats, and water (p<0,05), while women reported the greatest percentages of avoiding processed meats, read ing nutrition labels (p<0,01), and preferred sugary foods and eating properly (p<0,05). Conclusion: The surveyed university students presented poor dietary habits, primarily associated with low consumption of fruits and vegetables.

Genetic variants in the SLC16A11 gene are associated with increased BMI and insulin levels in nondiabetic Chilean population

ABSTRACT Objective: To study the association of SLC16A11 gene variants with obesity and metabolic markers in nondiabetic Chilean adults. Materials and methods: This cross-sectional study included 263 non-diabetic adults. The genotype of the rs75493593 polymorphism of SLC16A11 gene was performed by real-time PCR. It's association with adiposity markers (body weight, BMI, waist circumference and fat mass percentage), metabolic markers (glucose, insulin, HOMAIR, leptin, total cholesterol, LDLc, HDLc, triglycerides, ALT, GGT and hsCRP) and blood pressure was analyzed by linear regression. Results: The minor allele (T) of the SLC16A11 gene (rs75493593) has a frequency of 29.7% among Chileans. Risk genotypes (GT and TT) were associated with a significant 1.49 mU/l increase in plasmatic insulin for each copy of the minor allele (95% CI: 0.12, 2.87, p < 0.05). This association remained significant after adjusting for socio-demographic variables, physical activity and smoking (1.36 mU/l, 95% CI: 0.16, 2.58 p < 0.05), but was lost when BMI was included as a confounding factor. Higher BMI was also significantly associated with polymorphic genotypes in SLC16A11, independent of socio-demographic variables. Conclusion: The minor allele of the SLC16A11 gene (T) is highly prevalent among Chileans and is associated with increased insulin and BMI in nondiabetic individuals. These findings suggest that the genetic variant in SLC16A11 is not only associated with type 2 diabetes as previously shown in Mexicans, but is also related to early metabolic alterations in healthy subjects that may lead to type 2 diabetes.

Caracterización del consumo de legumbres en población chilena: resultados de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud 2016-2017 / Legume consumption in chileans: findings from the 2016-2017 national health survey

Background: Legumes are low cost and high-quality nutritional foods. In Chile, a twice per week legume consumption is recommended to promote health and prevent disease. Aim: To characterize the consumption of legumes according to sociodemographic and anthropometric variables in the Chilean adult population. Material and Method: Analysis of data from 5,473 participants of the 2016-2017 National Health Survey. The compliance with legume consumption was studied in population groups, according to sociodemographic and anthropometric characteristics, through logistic regression analyses. Results: Only 24% of all participants (51.4% of women) fulfilled legume intake recommendations. After adjusting for sociodemographic variables, the participants who were less likely to comply with the recommendation were widowers (Odds Ratio (OR): 0.58 [95% confidence intervals (CI): (0.40; 0.85]). On the contrary, people between 70-80 years (OR: 1.78 [95% CI: 1.11; 2.88]), those who resided in rural areas (OR: 1.62 [95% CI: 1.25; 2.10]) and those who resided in the Maule region (OR: 2.11 [95% CI: 1.37, 3.25]) had a higher likelihood of compliance. Conclusions: One out of four Chileans complied with the recommendations of legume consumption. Even though the results differed when stratified by sex, it is highlighted that living in rural areas increased the probabilities of an adequate legume consumption.

Alimentación, nutrición y microbiota: ¿qué ocurre con las personas mayores? / Food, nutrition and microbiota: what about the elderly?

La transición demográfica mundial, ha permitido identificar el creciente aumento de la población mayor de 60 años, lo que conlleva la necesidad de generar políticas, programas o acciones que conserven o mejoren la calidad de vida de personas en esta etapa del curso vital. Una alimentación equilibrada y suficiente garantiza un bienestar integral; sin embargo, la globalización ha permeado las concepciones de una alimentación saludable, situación que ha favorecido la presencia de malnutrición y por lo mismo, el deterioro de sistemas y órganos en el que se incluye el tracto gastrointestinal. En los cuidados destinados al envejecimiento y a las personas mayores, la salud gastrointestinal presenta una destacada importancia, debido al rol que en la actualidad se le reconoce la microbiota en el eje intestino-cerebro, en la modulación del sistema inmunológico y en la etiología de enfermedades inflamatorias, neurodegenerativas o de salud mental. La siguiente revisión presenta como objetivo el desarrollar una búsqueda en diversas fuentes de información sobre la relevancia de la alimentación y nutrición para la mantención y equilibrio de la microbiota en personas mayores. Entre sus resultados se reconocen conceptos generales sobre la microbiota y el entrelazado que se genera con la nutrición y también la alimentación. A lo anterior, la revisión centra la atención en el rol de presenta la microbiota en las personas mayores, menciona algunos aportes de nuevas investigaciones y concluye con reflexiones sobre la importancia de incorporar los cuidados de la microbiota en la mantención estilos de vida saludables.

The global demographic transition has allowed to identify a growing increase in the population over 60 years old, which entails the need to generate policies, programs or actions that preserve or improve the quality of life of people at this stage of life. A balanced and sufficient diet guarantees an integral well-being; however, globalization has permeated the conceptions of a healthy diet, a situation that has favored the presence of malnutrition and, therefore, the deterioration of systems and organs including the gastrointestinal tract. In care for elderly aging, gastrointestinal health is of outstanding importance, due to the role that the microbiota is currently recognized in the gut-brain axis, in the modulation of the immune system and in the etiology of inflammatory, neurodegenerative or mental health diseases. The following review presents the objective of developing a search in various sources of information on the relevance of food and nutrition for the maintenance and balance of the microbiota in older people. Among their results, general concepts about the microbiota and the intertwining that is generated with nutrition and food are recognized. On the above, the review focuses on the role of the microbiota in older people, mentions some contributions from new research and ends with reflections about the importance of incorporating microbiota care in maintaining healthy lifestyles.

Caracterización del consumo de agua en población chilena: resultados de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud 2016-2017 / Water intake in the Chilean population: findings from the 2016-17 National Health Survey

Background: Water is an essential nutrient for cellular homeostasis and life. Drinking ≥ 6 glasses (1.5 L/day) is the recommendation of daily water intake (RIAD). Aim: To characterize water intake, according to sociodemographic, anthropometric and lifestyles variables, in the Chilean adult population. Material and Methods: Analysis of data from 5,520 participants of the 2016-17 National Health Survey. Compliance with RIAD by population groups according to sociodemographic, anthropometric and lifestyle characteristics was studied through logistic regression analyses. Results: Only 27.8% of the national population met the RIAD. Women, people over than 56 years of age, housewives, retired people, widowers, and non-smokers were less likely to meet the RIAD. The likelihood of not complying with RIAD in these segments of the population ranged from 28% to 62%. Conversely, participants who presented a higher likelihood of meeting RIAD were those who co-habiting, had a medium and higher educational level, followed a diet plan, and those who reported a good health and well-being. The likelihood of meeting with the RIAD for these population groups ranged from 47% to 116%. Conclusions: The likelihood of meeting the RIAD varied according to different sociodemographic, anthropometric, and lifestyle variables. Therefore, public policies for promoting water consumption should be focused on all age groups, but especially in those groups with the highest risk of underconsumption.